KELT-9B An exoplanet or a wonderful of universe

 मिलिए KELT-9b से, जो अब तक हमारे द्वारा खोजा गया सबसे गर्म एक्सोप्लैनेट  है। इसके दिन के समय 4,000°C से अधिक, कुछ सितारों की तुलना में अधिक गर्म ! 670 प्रकाश वर्ष दूर स्थित, यह अति गर्म गैस विशाल इतनी चरम है कि इसके वायुमंडल में टाइटेनियम और लौह जैसी धातुएं वाष्पीकृत हो जाती हैं... केवल संघनित होकर ठंडी रात में बारिश के रूप में गिरती हैं। धातु से बने बादलों की कल्पना करें, जो पूरे महानगर के आकार की पिघली हुई बूंदें गिरा रहे हैं।

हर 1.5 दिन में अपने मेजबान तारे की परिक्रमा करते हुए और ज्वार से बंद करके, केल्ट-9बी का एक किनारा स्थायी रूप से पक जाता है। जबकि दूसरा अनंत रात का सामना करता है - एक ब्रह्मांडीय भट्टी और एक में जमी हुई खाई।

यह विज्ञान कथा नहीं है। यह हमारे ब्रह्मांड की विचित्र, सुंदर अराजकता है !!

KELT-9b is an ultra-hot Jupiter exoplanet, the hottest known, orbiting the A0-type star KELT-9. It's located about 670 light-years away and is tidally locked, meaning one side always faces its star. This extreme irradiation causes KELT-9b to have surface temperatures of over 4,000 degrees Celsius (7,800 degrees Fahrenheit) on its dayside. The planet is also losing its atmosphere due to the intense radiation. 

Here's a more detailed look:

Discovery: KELT-9b was discovered in 2016 using the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope (KELT). 

Orbit: It orbits KELT-9 in a near-polar, 1.48-day orbit. 

Mass and Radius: KELT-9b is 2.88 times the mass of Jupiter and has a radius of 1.891 RJup. 

Temperature: The equilibrium temperature is 4050 ± 180 K, with a daytime temperature of around 4600 K. 

Atmosphere: The extreme heat is causing KELT-9b to lose its atmosphere, with the planet losing up to 3 x 10^12 g s−1 of atmospheric mass. 

Composition: The atmosphere is rich in hydrogen, and studies have detected traces of oxygen, iron, and titanium. 

Iron Sky: The extreme heat on KELT-9b's dayside causes iron to evaporate, creating a glowing comet-like tail behind the planet as it orbits. 

String theory

मैं समझता हूँ कि विज्ञान की सामान्य रुचि रखने वाले हर मनुष्य ने यह सुना होगा कि हमारे ब्रह्मांड का मूलभूत ढांचा यानी "स्पेसटाइम" स्ट्रिंग्स से बना है। सूक्ष्म जगत में मौजूद ये तंतुनुमा स्ट्रिंग्स वाइब्रेशन (कंपन) करते हैं तो इनसे स्पेसटाइम में तरंगे पैदा होती हैं, जिन तरंगों को हम "पदार्थ" के रूप में ग्रहण करते हैं। आइए, आज आपको इन स्ट्रिंग्स के बारे में कुछ मजेदार बातें बताता हूँ। इन स्ट्रिंग्स का आकार बेहद छोटा यानी 10^-35 मीटर है, अर्थात दशमलव के बाद 35 शून्य मीटर । बेहद छोटा होने के बावजूद इन स्ट्रिंग्स में बेहद प्रचंड तनाव है। अर्थात अगर आपको इन स्ट्रिंग्स को छू कर किसी गिटार के तार की तरह कंपन कराना है, इसके लिए आपको बहुत ज्यादा ताकत लगानी पड़ेगी। कितनी ताकत ? वैल, इन स्ट्रिंग्स में निहित मूलभूत तनाव 10^39 टन है। यानी इसे वाइब्रेट कराने के लिए उतनी ही ताकत चाहिए, जितनी ताकत आपको इस पूरी मिल्की-वे गैलेक्सी के बराबर भारी चीज को अपनी जगह से हिलाने में लगेगी। इतनी ताकत सिर्फ एक स्ट्रिंग को हिलाने के लिए। है न कमाल बात ? इन स्ट्रिंग्स द्वारा पैदा किए गए सबसे छोटे कंपन (तरंग) की ऊर्जा भी प्रोटॉन से 10 लाख खरब (10^19) गुना ज्यादा होती है। सरल शब्दों में इन स्ट्रिंग्स द्वारा निर्मित सबसे छोटे कण की ऊर्जा भी प्रोटॉन से खरबों गुना ज्यादा होती है। अगर ऐसा है, तो कम द्रव्यमान वाले पार्टिकल्स इस दुनिया में मौजूद हैं ही क्यों? वो इसलिए, क्योंकि दृश्य ब्रह्मांड में लगभग 1080 (10 के आगे 80 शून्य) स्ट्रिंग्स हैं और कोई भी स्ट्रिंग डायरेक्टली किसी कण की रचना नहीं करती। वास्तव मे ं इन स्ट्रिंग्स से पैदा हुई शक्तिशाली तरंगे पहले एक-दूसरे से टकराती हैं, एक-दूसरे को कैंसिल आउट अथवा मैग्नीफाई करती हैं। नए-नए वेव पैटर्न्स पैदा होते हैं। इस तरह खरबों खरब वेव कैंसलेशन के बाद अंततः जो वेव्स शेष रह जाती हैं, उन्हें हम पदार्थ कणो ंके रूप में ग्रहण करते हैं। अब अगर आपको स्टिंग के थरथराने से लेकर पदार्थ कणों तक की उत्पत्ति तक का गणित तलाशना हो तो यह कुछ ऐसा मानो  संसार में खरबों लोग जेब में खरबों रुपये लेकर शॉपिंग को निकले और आपको बिना उनसे कोई भी जानकारी लिए बस अनुमान के आधार पर यह ज्ञात करना है कि उन्होंने पूरे दिन क्या-क्या खरीदा, कितने पैसे एक-दूसरे को दिए, कितने पैसे वेस्ट हो गए - जिसके बाद अंततः संसार में 189 रुपये बचे। मुश्किल है न? बस इसी से आप समझ जाइए कि स्ट्रिंग थ्योरी का गणित कितना मुश्किल है और स्ट्रिंग थ्योरी को सुलझाने में वैज्ञानिकों के पसीने क्यों छूटे हुए है। खैर, इतिहास गवाह है कि मनुष्य की मेधा के सामने समर्पण कर देना ही हर रहस्य की अंतिम नियति रही है। स्ट्रिंग्स के पेंचीदा गणित रहस्य एक दिन अवश्य धराशायी होगा। 

C V Raman

 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born in 1888 in a village in southern India. As a child, Raman was precocious, curious and highly intelligent. His father was a college lecturer in mathematics, physics and physical geography, so the young Raman had immediate access to a wealth of scientific volumes. By the age of 13, he had read Helmholtz’s Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects.

Raman was deeply interested in music and acoustics. While in college, he read the scientific papers of Lord Rayleigh and his treatise on sound as well as the English translation of Helmholtz’s The Sensations of Tone. This initiated Raman’s later interest in the physics of drums and stringed instruments such as the violin. He used fine-chalk powder and photography to investigate the vibrational nodes of drums; the white chalk remained only at the nodes of the vibrating membrane.

In a culturally anomolous and brazen act, when Raman was 18, he arranged his own marriage to Lokasundari (later called Lady Raman), a 13-year-old woman from Madras. The two then moved to Calcutta, where Raman accepted a position in the Indian Finance Department. During the next ten years—from 1907 to 1917—he struggled to balance his well-paying government job with his drive to be a scientist.

When he wasn’t at the Finance Department, he was conducting experiments at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences (IACS) in Calcutta. The IACS had been formed along the pattern of the Royal Institution in London. Its journal Proceedings was renamed the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926. Raman’s early works become known to an international audience when he published his research in the journals Nature, Philosophical Magazine and the Physical Review.

By 1917, Raman had had enough of his double life. He quit his government position and devoted himself fully to science. He accepted a full-time professorship—the endowed Pailt Chair of Physics—at Calcutta University, where he remained for 15 years.

One of the requirements of that position was to obtain training abroad in order to achieve parity with foreign professionals. Confident in his genius, Raman claimed that he did not need any foreign training; on the contrary, he was prepared to train those from other countries. Moreover, he argued, he had already earned a prestigious international reputation in physics due to his publications. Since Raman refused to budge, the University had no choice but to waive this requirement in order to secure the rising star. In 1924, Raman was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. It is as if he knew he was destined for greatness. Indeed, in 1925, when Raman was attempting to obtain funds to purchase a spectroscope, he told his benefactor: “If I have it, I think I can get a Nobel Prize for India.”

In 1933, Raman became director and professor at the Indian Institute of Science (IIS) at Bangalore. The next year, he established the Indian Academy of Sciences. Over the following decade, he published more than 30 papers in the Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Nature, Philosophical Magazine and Physical Review. In 1937, he quit his position following disputes with some staff and members of the Council of the IIS.

At the age of 60, Raman then formed the Raman Research Institute (supported with his own funds and donations that he raised). He also remained a professor, as well as the President of the Indian Academy of Sciences in Bangalore, until his death in 1970.

The Universe Is Not Locally Real, and the Physics Nobel Prize Winners Proved It

One of the more unsettling discoveries in the past half a century is that the universe is not locally real. In this context, “real” means that objects have definite properties independent of observation—an apple can be red even when no one is looking. “Local” means that objects can be influenced only by their surroundings and that any influence cannot travel faster than light. Investigations at the frontiers of quantum physics have found that these things cannot both be true. Instead the evidence shows that objects are not influenced solely by their surroundings, and they may also lack definite properties prior to measurement.

This is, of course, deeply contrary to our everyday experiences. As Albert Einstein once bemoaned to a friend, “Do you really believe the moon is not there when you are not looking at it?” To adapt a phrase from author Douglas Adams, the demise of local realism has made a lot of people very angry and has been widely regarded as a bad move.

Blame for this achievement has been laid squarely on the shoulders of three physicists: John Clauser, Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger. They equally split the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics “for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science.”

Noble prize in physics 2023

 

Some processes in physics happen in the blink of an eye, while others happen in the blink of a photon. This year’s Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Pierre Agostini of the Ohio State University, Ferenc Krausz of the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany, and Anne L’Huillier of Lund University in Sweden for developing the field of ultrafast laser pulses. L’Huillier is only the fifth woman to have ever won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

These pulses are on the scale of the attosecond—a billionth of a billionth of a second. This duration is so short that there are as many attoseconds in a single second as there have been seconds in the entire history of the universe. This year’s prize was awarded “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.”

“Attosecond science allows us to address fundamental questions,” said Eva Olsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics, at a press conference today. At the atomic level, the motions of electrons and nuclei typically take place over the course of attoseconds. In the late 19th century early photographers made use of cameras to determine whether a horse took all of its hooves off the ground at a gallop—a process too fast for the human eye to discern. (Spoiler: horses do completely leave the ground.) Today’s researchers hope to do the equivalent at attosecond timescales by using ultrafast lasers to get clearer views of otherwise blurry atomic processes.

But generating light in extremely short pulses is not easy. For many years light pulses were stuck in the femtosecond regime (one femtosecond is 1,000 attoseconds). That’s good enough to resolve molecules in chemical reactions, a feat that won the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry—but it’s insufficient to spot the zigging and zagging of speedier electrons.

L’Huillier broke down some of the first barriers in 1987, when she discovered that passing an infrared laser through a noble gas, such as argon, led to a pattern in the emitted light: a plateau in the frequency. This plateau would prove vital for work done in the early 2000s, when Agostini created multiple 250-attosecond-long pulses of light while Krausz, working independently, generated single 650-attosecond-long pulses.

With the newfound probes developed by Agostini, Krausz and L’Huillier, researchers can now generate laser pulses of merely a few dozen attoseconds. Further refinements of these techniques to generate ever shorter pulses promise to deepen scientists’ understanding of electron dynamics and could lead to breakthroughs in medical diagnostics, as well as the development of novel semiconductors.

As usual, the award came as a surprise to its recipients. When L’Huillier was notified, she was in the middle of giving a lecture and missed the first few calls from Stockholm. After stepping outside to take the call, she returned to the lecture where she continued teaching without telling her students anything. “Teaching is very, very important. For me, it’s very important,” she told Hans Ellegren, secretary-general of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, over the phone during the prize’s announcement.

A brief history of electric current

 Have you ever wondered how electricity works? From the flick of a switch to the hum of a computer, electric current powers so much of our daily lives. But how did we figure out how to harness this mysterious force?

Believe it or not, the story of electric current begins all the way back in ancient Greece. The Greeks discovered that rubbing amber against fur could create a static charge, which was the first inkling that electricity existed.

Fast forward a few thousand years to the 17th century, when scientists like Benjamin Franklin started to study electricity in earnest. Franklin is best known for his experiment with a kite and a key, which showed that lightning was a form of electricity.

But it wasn't until the 19th century that things really started to heat up in the world of electricity. Enter Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist who invented the first battery. This was a big deal, because it allowed scientists to create a continuous flow of electric current.

Next up was Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish physicist who discovered that an electric current could create a magnetic field. This discovery led to the development of the first electromagnet, which was a big step towards harnessing electricity for practical purposes.

And the hits just kept on coming. In 1831, Michael Faraday, an English scientist, discovered electromagnetic induction, which forms the basis of the modern generator. This allowed us to create large amounts of electricity and distribute it over long distances.

In the 1870s, James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist, formulated the equations of electromagnetism, which described the behavior of electric and magnetic fields. This was a huge breakthrough, because it allowed us to understand how electricity and magnetism are related.

Fast forward to the 20th century, and we get into some really mind-bending stuff. Scientists discovered the electron, which is a tiny particle that carries electric charge. And they developed quantum mechanics, which is a way of understanding the behavior of particles on a very small scale.

Today, electric current powers pretty much everything we do. From the lights in our homes to the devices in our pockets, we rely on electricity to get through the day. The story of electric current is a story of human ingenuity, curiosity, and a relentless drive to understand the world around us. So the next time you turn on a light or charge your phone, remember that you're participating in a centuries-long journey of discovery and innovation.

Quantum entanglement

In quantum physics, the entanglement of particles describes a relationship between their fundamental properties that can't have happened by chance. This could refer to states such as their momentum, position, or polarisation.

Knowing something about one of these characteristics for one particle tells you something about the same characteristic for the other.

Think of a pair of gloves. If you found a right glove alone in your drawer, you can be certain the missing glove would fit your left hand. The two gloves could be described as entangled, as knowing something about one would tell you something important about the other that isn't a random feature.

In fashion, this concept isn't all that strange. But the concept poses a problem for quantum mechanics.

Does quantum entanglement work with 'reality'?

The physicists Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg argued an object's state only truly existed once it became associated with a measurement, which meant somebody needed to observe it experimentally. Until then, its nature was merely a possibility.

To other physicists, such as the famous Albert Einstein and Erwin Schrödinger, this was as preposterous as saying a cat inside a box is neither alive nor dead until you look.

Finally two physicists Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen collaborated with Einstein to come up with a thought experiment, where two objects interact in some way.

By measuring one of them, we might be able to work out some of its partner details without needing to measure it directly, thanks to its 'entangled' history.

"Spooky action at a distance"

In response to this dilemma (now called the EPR or Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox) Bohr suggested that the state of both objects simply became 'real' at the same time, as if they instantly swapped details on this experimental intrusion across a distance.

Einstein dismissed this idea as a 'spooky action', claiming on multiple occasions that "God does not play dice".

Decades later, Bohr's ideas still stand strong, and the strange nature of quantum entanglement is a solid part of modern physics. Physics really is fundamentally 'spooky' after all.

7 Times Physics Blew Our Minds in 2022

1.A new neutrino could rewrite the book.

2.Quantum computer created new phase of matter with two time dimensions.

3.Scientists sent information through the first simulation of a holographic wormhole.

4.NASA successfully changed an asteroid's orbit.

5.The deepest and most detailed photo of the universe to ever be captured.

6.A warp drive experiment to turn atoms invisible could add credibility to a famous Stephen Hawking prediction.

7.Particle physicists tried to break physics again.

Wormholes

 Some interesting facts about worm holes...........

1. A wormhole is a theoretical connection between two different points in spacetime.
2. A wormhole is also called an Einstein-Rosen bridge or an Einstein-Rosen wormhole.
3. A wormhole is just a theory. No evidence exists proving wormholes exist or existed in the past.
4. You can image a wormhole as a tunnel that has two ends, both going to different points in spacetime. These points can lead to different locations, different points in time or a combination of both.
5. Another way to imagine a wormhole is to think of an earthworm eating through a piece of cake. While one end is sticking out of the top of the cake, the other is sticking out the bottom.
6. Researchers believe a wormhole could connect different parts of the universe that are billions of light-years away, to different points of time (time travel) or even an alternate universe.
7. A wormhole in theory could be used to travel faster than the speed of light, allowing humans to explore the galaxy and the observable universe.
8. A traversable wormhole in theory could be used to travel back in time, however you could not travel into the future.
9. A wormhole in theory could be used to communicate or travel to parallel universes.
10. The first proposed concept of a wormhole was by Hermann Weyl in 1928. He referred to his proposed idea as a one-dimensional tubes.
11. The term wormhole was coined in 1957 by American theoretical physicist John Archibald Wheeler in a paper that was co-authored by American physicist Charles Misne.

मां

 घुटनों पर रेंगते-रेंगते कब पैरों पर खड़ा हुआ।

तेरी ममता की छांव में न जाने कब बड़ा हुआ।।

काला टीका दूध मलाई आज भी सब कुछ वैसा है।

मैं ही हूं तेरे लिए हर जगह प्यार ये तेरा कैसा है।।

मैं रोया तू काम छोड़ कर आई मुझको गोद में उठा लिया।

झाड़ पोंछकर चूम चूमकर गीले गालों को सुखा दिया।।

कितनी भी मैं करूं शैतानी तेरे लिए मैं अच्छा हूं।

कितना भी हो जाऊं मैं बड़ा मां आज भी मैं तेरे लिए बच्चा हूं।।

रिश्ता

 गीत हरदम उजालों के हम गायेंगे...

  ये अंधेरे तुम्हें छू नहीं पाएंगे...

  मुस्कुराना सदा रूप का काम है...

  त्याग तो प्रेम का दूसरा नाम है...

  तुम तो आनंद लो रोशनी का प्रिये...

  ये न पूछो क्या क्या जलाना पड़ा...

  क्योंकि रिश्ता ही तुमसे है ऐसा मेरा...

  जो नहीं चाहकर भी निभाना पड़ा...